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• Core 2 Duo or Dual Core: The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (Hence, Core 2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from the ground up to be fast while not consuming nearly as much power as previous CPUs, Dual core is simply a generic term referring to any processor package with two physical CPUs in one.
  
• Dual Core is better because it has 2 processors. The more the better. (Dell has a Quad Core, 4, processor computer and Mac has a Dual Quad Core processor, yes 8 processors). The main difference is that core duo is 32-bit processor, where as Core 2 Duo is 64-it processor, also for Core 2 Duo, the cache memory is 4MB compared to 2MB of Core Duo.
  
• DMA is an essential feature of all modern computers, as it allows devices to transfer data without subjecting the CPU to a heavy overhead. Otherwise, the CPU would have to copy each piece of data from the source to the destination. This is typically slower than copying normal blocks of memory since access to I/O devices over a peripheral bus is generally slower than normal system RAM. During this time the CPU would be unavailable for any other tasks involving CPU bus access, although it could continue doing any work which did not require bus access.
  
• A DMA transfer essentially copies a block of memory from one device to another. While the CPU initiates the transfer, it does not execute it. For so-called "third party" DMA, as is normally used with the ISA bus, the transfer is performed by a DMA controller which is typically part of the motherboard chipset. More advanced bus designs such as PCI typically use bus mastering DMA, where the device takes control of the bus and performs the transfer itself.
  
• DMA can lead to cache coherency problems. Imagine a CPU equipped with a cache and an external memory, which can be accessed directly by devices using DMA. When the CPU accesses location X in the memory, the current value will be stored in the cache. Subsequent operations on X will update the cached copy of X, but not the external memory version of X. If the cache is not flushed to the memory before the next time a device tries to access X, the device will receive a stale value of X.
  
• A level 1 (L1) cache is a memory bank built into the CPU chip. A level 2 cache (L2) is a secondary staging area that feeds the L1 cache. Increasing the size of the L2 cache may speed up some applications but have no effect on others. L2 may be built into the CPU chip, reside on a separate chip in a multichip package module (see MCP) or be a separate bank of chips on the motherboard. Caches are typically static RAM (SRAM), while main memory is generally some variety of dynamic RAM (DRAM).
  
• The IA-32 Execution Layer is a software driver for Windows Server 2003 that improves performance of 32-bit applications running on 64-bit Intel Itanium-based systems. The IA-32 EL is a software emulator, which bypasses the slower hardware emulation of the Itanium.
  
• The Northbridge is the controller that interconnects the CPU to memory via the frontside bus (FSB). It also connects peripherals via high-speed channels such as AGP and PCI Express. The Northbridge may include a display controller, obviating the need for a separate display adapter. The Southbridge controller handles the remaining I/O, including the PCI bus, parallel and Serial ATA drives (IDE), USB, FireWire, serial and parallel ports and audio ports. Earlier chipsets supported the ISA bus in the Southbridge. Starting with Intel's 8xx chipsets, Northbridge and Southbridge were changed to Memory Controller and I/O Controller.
  
  Northbridge Connects CPU to:· RAM· AGP bus· PCI Express bus· Built-in display Adapter·
  
  Southbridge Connects CPU to:· ATA (IDE) Drives· USB bus· FireWire bus· Serial port· Parallel port· Built-in audio· ISA bus (earlier PCs)